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Race
in United States is a much debated topic. Tying race to discrimination
is a sequel of historical events. The subsistence of the racism is
continually disputed. The data revealed here is too limited to settle
the disagreement. But we do hope the data can pointed to the weak spot
in our education system and, hopefully, solutions with emphasis on personal
obligation can be developed. In author's opinion, some of today's
approach in improving minorities' education attainment is overreaching
and is themselves racial biased and undermined the important principle
of personal responsibility. Services should be made available to all
regardless of race. It takes responsible person to seek helps. Which
race group actually uses these services is not a racial issue.
Opinion aside, objective view of the data is definitely in order.
This analysis is based on the data released
earlier by the
CL Higher Education Center. The analysis dis-regards the non-residence alien. The US total also excludes US minor islands and territories.
The
College Graduation Rates by Race for the US states are shown in table 1
while the table 2 shows the same data with the inclusion of US minor
islands and territories with differences highlighted. The difference for
Asian are mainly caused by the inclusion of the Guam and the Northern
Mariana Islands. The changes for Hispanic are the effect of including
the Puerto Rico. The rest of the analysis would focus on the US states
and Washington DC. Changes from last year's number are included in the parenthesis.
Compare with last year, the public-four-year, public-two-year and the private-not-for-profit-four-year sectors are seeing improvements. Basically, the graduation rate for all races in these sectors are either improved or stay the same. Viewing the data with respect to race, White-non-hispanic improved in all sectors while minorities showing mixed result.
Table 1 - US states - including DC
| Sector | Native | Asian | Black | Hispanic | White | Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Public 4Yr | 35% | 65% | 36% | (+1)44% | 57% | (+1)54% |
| NProfit 4Yr | (+3)49% | (+1)76% | 44% | (+2)59% | 67% | (+1)65% |
| Profit 4Yr | (-3)38% | (+4)46% | 31% | (-2)41% | (+5)45% | (+3)41% |
| Public 2Yr | 17% | (+1)26% | 12% | 16% | 23% | 20% |
| NProfit 2Yr | (-8)15% | 51% | (-2)44% | (-1)46% | (+1)56% | (-1)50% |
| Profit 2Yr | (+1)59% | (-3)69% | (+2)49% | (+2)65% | (+2)65% | (+1)60% |
| Overall | 32% | 57% | 32% | 40% | 50% | 47% |
Table 2 - With US minor islands and territories**
| Sector | Native | Asian | Black | Hispanic | White | Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Public 4Yr | 35% | 64% | 36% | 43% | 57% | 53% |
| NProfit 4Yr | (+3)49% | (+1)76% | 44% | (+2)45% | 67% | 63% |
| Profit 4Yr | (-3)38% | (+4)46% | 31% | (-2)39% | (+5)45% | (+2)40% |
| Public 2Yr | 17% | 25% | 12% | (+1)17% | 23% | 20% |
| NProfit 2Yr | (-8)15% | 51% | (-2)44% | (-1)62% | (+1)56% | (-2)53% |
| Profit 2Yr | (+1)59% | (-3)69% | (+2)49% | (+3)64% | (+2)65% | (+1)60% |
| Overall | 32% | 56% | 32% | 40% | 50% | 46% |
Fig. 1 shows the US average
graduation rates by race by sector. In general, White and Asian stand
out in the public-four-year, public-two-year and private-not-for-profit-tour-year institutions. In other sectors, White and Asian college graduation
rates are more comparable to other races. Overall, the public two year
sector shows the lowest college graduation rates for all races (except the Natives). Within
each sector, the Black usually exhibit the lowest rate except at the
public four year sector, where the Native American show the lowest
college graduation rate. It is also interesting to see that the private
not-for-profit sectors have higher college graduation rates than their
public counter parts.
Fig. 1 - US average graduation rates for each sector by race
Figure 2. present the same information as in Figure 1 except grouped by each
race. Within all races, the private for-profit two year sector
demonstrates high rates, only within White and Asian it seconds to the
private not-for-profit four year sector. It is also remarkable to see how similar the rates within each race relative to each other - public-two-years are, in general the lowest. The private-not-for-profit-four-year and the private-for-profit-two-year are usually have the highest rate.
Fig. 2 - US average college graduation rates for each race by sector
== The following have not been updated to 2010 data yet =======
Figure 3 is an un-traditional display of a set of histogram for Asian. Each
histogram/curve show the number of states at each graduation rate for a
given sector. For example, there are 12 states that have college
graduation rates for Asian greater than 55% and less than 60% for the
public four year sector/curve while there are 9 states have college
graduation rates greater than 30% and less than 35% for the private
for-profit four year sector/curve.
Figure 3
demonstrates clearly that, for Asian, the average college graduation
rates for each sector are representative except for the not-for-profit
two year sector, where most of the states have a rate of 0% and rates
are spread out without some kind of concentration or locality.
Fig. 3 - College graduation rate for Asian by sector
Figure
4 displayed similar information as in Figure 3 except it is for the
Black. Even though the US average college graduation rate for the
private not-for-profit four year sector is comparable to other sectors
for Black, figure 4 shows that the rate varies a lot in regard to
different states.
Fig. 4 - College graduation rate for Black by sector
Figure 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the same kind of information for Hispanic, Native American and White.
Fig. 5 - College graduation rate for Hispanic by sector
Fig. 6 - College graduation rate for Native American by sector
Fig. 7 - College graduation rate for White by sector
Figure
8 modeled after previous figures to display the college graduations
rates for each race in the public four your sector. This chart clearly
shows that the White and Asian are comparable except that there are some
states where Asian exhibits higher rates.
Fig. 8 - College graduation rates for public four year sector by race
Figure 9 to 13 show the similar information as in Figure 8 for each sector.
Fig. 9 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit four year sector by race
Fig. 10 - College graduation rates for private for-profit four year sector by race
Figure
11 is an very interested one. For one, this is the only one that all
races are having good localities. Second of all, the White seems to be
the one that is doing better even though the US average college going
rates for public two year sector clearly show that the Asian is doing
better than the White. The mystery is solved when dig deeper into the
data. The data show that the high average college graduation rate for
Asian in the public two year sector is caused by a single state with
high Asian public two year sector enrollment, the California, which has
a college graduation rate of 36% for Asian. This means that even though
on average, Asian is doing good in public two year sector, it is not a
Nation wide fact. It is also worth to note that the only state with
meaningful high college graduation rates for the Native American is
Wisconsin which enrolled 199 students. The other two states only enroll a
total of 7 Native Americans. The other high rate state worth noting is
the South Dakota, which post a rate of 64% for White.
Fig. 11 - College graduation rates for public two year sector by race
Figure
12 demonstrates that value of this kind of charts, where the meaning
of average college graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year
sector have very limited value.
Fig. 12 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year sector by race
Fig. 13 - College graduation rates for private for-profit two year sector by race
