Doctor's degree by field of study, race, foreign, and gender

The field of choice for US doctor awardees are similar regard less of race. Non-resident alien accounted for almost 30% of the supply for higher education instructors!

Observing of doctoral degree conferred in the United States provided us a unique look into the US higher education system. It provided implications for our future higher education system. For one, the doctors are the main source of future college instructors, and secondly, they are future leaders of our higher education institutions. They are also the main research talent that will continue to move the country forward. Lawyers also play important roles in the social justice of our society, especially in protecting minorities' legal rights.

The CL education center has just released a set of data processing reports based on the IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) 2011-12 completer survey - the analysis can be found under the section: United State's Doctor Production.

IPEDS survey classifies Doctors into 3 groups: The Research Doctors, the Professional Practice Doctors, and the Other Doctors. For non-legal, and non-medical field, the research doctors are the main source for college instructors. The professional practice doctors are mainly the lawyers, and the medical doctors, but also includes doctors that are mainly prepared for specialized career practices like ...

Total Doctor Degrees Awarded by Field of Study (CIP)

Figure 1, Doctors' field of study for each race (click to view the whole chart)

The major field/CIP of interested are list in Table 1 below.

Table 1, major field of interest for each race (multiple and unknown race not displayed)

CIP	Title	Native	AsianPI	Black	Hispanic	White	Alien
11	Computer and Info. Sci.	0.3%	0.8%	0.4%	0.2%	0.5%	4.2%
13	Education	8.6%	1.9%	15.9%	6.6%	5.8%	3.4%
14	Engineering	1.6%	3.7%	1.4%	2.0%	2.4%	24.8%
22	Legal Prof. and Studies	37.5%	21.2%	29.1%	38.8%	30.5%	5.7%
26	Bio and Biomedical Sci.	3.1%	4.1%	2.6%	3.7%	4.0%	11.2%
40	Physical Sciences	1.3%	1.5%	0.9%	1.5%	2.4%	11.3%
42	Psychology	3.5%	1.7%	3.9%	5.5%	4.0%	1.8%
45	Social Science	1.1%	1.0%	1.3%	1.5%	1.7%	5.9%
51	Health Professions related	36.3%	58.7%	32.3%	33.3%	39.4%	10.1%

Figure 1 and Table 1 revealed that, for US citizen, almost all races are favoring Legal, and Health Professions roughly equally, except Asian Pacific Islander are skewed more toward Health Professions. Beside the point made above, in general, all races exhibit similar field-of-study pattern. The major disparities in the chart come from the non-residence alien, where the dominated field is the engineering. Their domination on physical science and biology is also noticeable.


Total Doctor Degrees Awarded by Race
Table 2, total doctor degree awarded by race

Native	AsianPI	Black	Hispanic	White	Alien	Unknown	Mult.Rc
0.5%	9.5%	6.1%	5.5%	58.8%	11.5%	7.3%	0.7%

Total Research Doctors Awarded by Race
Table 3, total research doctors awarded by race

Native	AsianPI	Black	Hispanic	White	Alien	Unknown	Mult.Rc
0.4%	5.3%	6.3%	4.1%	49.2%	27.3%	6.8%	0.6%

The research doctor degree, which mainly removed the lawyers and medical doctors from the total doctor count, awarded to non-residence alien comprise a whooping 27% of all the research doctor degree awarded. Research doctors are the major supply of teachers for our higher education system.

Table 4, research doctors awarded by fields(CIP) and by race

CIP	Title	Native	AsianPI	Black	Hispanic	White	Alien	Unknown	Mult.Rc
1	Agriculture and Operation	0.7%	2.5%	1.3%	4.1%	34.5%	52.0%	4.5%	0.4%
3	Nature Resource and Conservation	0.4%	3.4%	2.5%	3.4%	56.7%	27.4%	5.6%	0.5%
4	Architecture	0.0%	17.8%	4.0%	3.5%	29.2%	37.1%	6.4%	2.0%
5	Area, Ethnic, Cultural, Gender Studies	2.2%	8.6%	11.9%	5.0%	44.2%	16.9%	10.4%	0.7%
9	Communication, Journalism	0.7%	2.6%	5.7%	2.1%	56.3%	25.3%	6.9%	0.3%
10	Communication Technologies	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%
11	Computer and Info Sci.	0.2%	8.3%	2.0%	1.2%	33.0%	50.4%	4.7%	0.2%
12	Personal and Culinary Services
13	Education	0.8%	3.1%	16.6%	6.1%	58.3%	7.0%	7.5%	0.6%
14	Engineering	0.2%	7.0%	1.7%	2.2%	28.2%	56.2%	4.2%	0.4%
15	Engineering Technologies	0.0%	5.5%	1.8%	1.8%	49.1%	34.5%	7.3%	0.0%
16	Foreign Languages, Literatures	0.1%	3.6%	1.7%	6.6%	47.0%	32.4%	8.4%	0.3%
19	Family, Consumer Sci.	0.3%	3.4%	9.1%	2.2%	57.2%	25.3%	2.2%	0.3%
22	Legal Prof. and studies	0.0%	1.6%	0.5%	2.1%	11.0%	77.0%	7.9%	0.0%
23	English, Literature	0.4%	3.4%	4.0%	3.8%	70.8%	8.5%	7.9%	1.1%
24	Liberal Arts, Sci. General Studies	0.0%	4.5%	3.4%	1.1%	56.8%	12.5%	20.5%	1.1%
25	Library Sci.	0.0%	2.0%	2.0%	2.0%	48.0%	42.0%	4.0%	0.0%
26	Bio. Biomedical Sci.	0.3%	8.2%	3.3%	4.3%	49.8%	27.2%	6.3%	0.6%
27	Math. And Statistics	0.3%	5.7%	1.4%	1.8%	39.4%	46.5%	4.7%	0.1%
28	Military Sci. Leadership
29	Military Tech.	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	83.3%	16.7%	0.0%	0.0%
30	Interdisciplinary Studies	0.5%	5.3%	10.0%	4.8%	52.3%	20.2%	5.6%	1.4%
31	Recreation, Leisure Studies	0.4%	1.2%	7.0%	2.1%	62.8%	24.8%	1.2%	0.4%
32	Basic, Remedial Education
33	Citizenship Activities
34	Health Knowledge and Skill
35	Social Skills
36	Leisure, Recreational Activities
37	Self-Improvement
38	Philosophy and Religious Studies	0.1%	2.6%	5.4%	2.9%	62.5%	18.1%	7.5%	1.0%
39	Theology, Religious Vocations	0.0%	4.7%	10.8%	3.3%	61.0%	12.6%	7.3%	0.2%
40	Physical Sciences	0.2%	4.6%	1.7%	2.6%	43.7%	40.6%	6.2%	0.5%
41	Science Tech.	0.0%	33.3%	0.0%	0.0%	66.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
42	Psychology	0.6%	4.7%	6.7%	8.0%	63.1%	6.9%	9.0%	0.9%
43	Protective Services	0.0%	3.8%	11.5%	3.1%	63.4%	12.2%	5.3%	0.8%
44	Public Administration	0.4%	4.7%	15.1%	5.3%	47.2%	17.0%	9.7%	0.7%
45	Social Science	0.3%	4.5%	3.8%	3.9%	47.4%	32.2%	7.2%	0.7%
46	Construction Trades
47	Mechanic, Repair Tech.
48	Precision Production
49	Materials Transportation
50	Performing Arts	0.4%	6.1%	1.9%	3.5%	57.8%	22.1%	7.8%	0.5%
51	Health Professions	0.3%	5.9%	7.7%	3.3%	60.9%	13.3%	8.1%	0.5%
52	Business, Marketing	0.4%	5.2%	12.5%	4.4%	41.2%	26.0%	10.2%	0.2%
53	Secondary Diplomas
54	History	0.5%	2.6%	4.5%	4.5%	64.7%	12.3%	9.6%	1.2%
60	Residency Programs

Figure 4 further breaks down the research doctors by field of study (CIP) and by race. The engineering stand out. 56% of the engineering doctor degrees were awarded to non-resident alien. Other non-resident alien heavy fields include Agriculture(52%),
Architecture(37%), Computer Sci.(50%), Engineering Tech(35%), Foreign Languages(32%), Library Sci.(42%), Math. And Statistics(47%), Physical Sciences(41%), Social Science(32%). All of these fields displayed a non-resident alien rate that is higher than the 27.3%, the average rate held by non-resident alien.

Total Research Doctors Awarded by Gender
Men(51%) and women(49%) held roughly the same share of all the research doctor degrees awarded by US institutions. The lowest fields with women recipients are Military Tech(17%), Theology(19%), Computer(20%), and Engineering(22%).

Professional Practice Doctor Degrees Awarded by Gender
In this category, men(53%) held a slightly larger share in the Legal Profession while women(57%) hold larger share in the Medical Doctor field.

US College Graduation Rates by Race by State - 2010 IPEDS

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Related Articles:
US College Graduation Rate by State for 2009-10 graduates
College Graduation Rates by State - 2009 Ranking
Data release: College Graduation Rates by State for 2008-09 graduates

Race in United States is a much debated topic. Tying race to discrimination is a sequel of historical events. The subsistence of the racism is continually disputed. The data revealed here is too limited to settle the disagreement. But we do hope the data can pointed to the weak spot in our education system and, hopefully, solutions with emphasis on personal obligation can be developed. In author's opinion, some of today's approach in improving minorities' education attainment is overreaching and is themselves racial biased and undermined the important principle of personal responsibility. Services should be made available to all regardless of race. It takes responsible person to seek helps. Which race group actually uses these services is not a racial issue.

Opinion aside, objective view of the data is definitely in order.

This analysis is based on the data released earlier by the CL Higher Education Center. The analysis dis-regards the non-residence alien. The US total also excludes US minor islands and territories.

The College Graduation Rates by Race for the US states are shown in table 1 while the table 2 shows the same data with the inclusion of US minor islands and territories with differences highlighted. The difference for Asian are mainly caused by the inclusion of the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. The changes for Hispanic are the effect of including the Puerto Rico. The rest of the analysis would focus on the US states and Washington DC. Changes from last year's number are included in the parenthesis.

Compare with last year, the public-four-year, public-two-year and the private-not-for-profit-four-year sectors are seeing improvements. Basically, the graduation rate for all races in these sectors are either improved or stay the same. Viewing the data with respect to race, White-non-hispanic improved in all sectors while minorities showing mixed result.

Table 1 - US states - including DC

Sector	Native	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Public 4Yr	35%	65%	36%	(+1)44%	57%	(+1)54%
NProfit 4Yr	(+3)49%	(+1)76%	44%	(+2)59%	67%	(+1)65%
Profit 4Yr	(-3)38%	(+4)46%	31%	(-2)41%	(+5)45%	(+3)41%
Public 2Yr	17%	(+1)26%	12%	16%	23%	20%
NProfit 2Yr	(-8)15%	51%	(-2)44%	(-1)46%	(+1)56%	(-1)50%
Profit 2Yr	(+1)59%	(-3)69%	(+2)49%	(+2)65%	(+2)65%	(+1)60%
Overall	32%	57%	32%	40%	50%	47%

Table 2 - With US minor islands and territories**

Sector	Native	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Public 4Yr	35%	64%	36%	43%	57%	53%
NProfit 4Yr	(+3)49%	(+1)76%	44%	(+2)45%	67%	63%
Profit 4Yr	(-3)38%	(+4)46%	31%	(-2)39%	(+5)45%	(+2)40%
Public 2Yr	17%	25%	12%	(+1)17%	23%	20%
NProfit 2Yr	(-8)15%	51%	(-2)44%	(-1)62%	(+1)56%	(-2)53%
Profit 2Yr	(+1)59%	(-3)69%	(+2)49%	(+3)64%	(+2)65%	(+1)60%
Overall	32%	56%	32%	40%	50%	46%

Fig. 1 shows the US average graduation rates by race by sector. In general, White and Asian stand out in the public-four-year, public-two-year and private-not-for-profit-tour-year institutions. In other sectors, White and Asian college graduation rates are more comparable to other races. Overall, the public two year sector shows the lowest college graduation rates for all races (except the Natives). Within each sector, the Black usually exhibit the lowest rate except at the public four year sector, where the Native American show the lowest college graduation rate. It is also interesting to see that the private not-for-profit sectors have higher college graduation rates than their public counter parts.

Fig. 1 - US average graduation rates for each sector by race

Figure 2. present the same information as in Figure 1 except grouped by each race. Within all races, the private for-profit two year sector demonstrates high rates, only within White and Asian it seconds to the private not-for-profit four year sector. It is also remarkable to see how similar the rates within each race relative to each other - public-two-years are, in general the lowest. The private-not-for-profit-four-year and the private-for-profit-two-year are usually have the highest rate.

Fig. 2 - US average college graduation rates for each race by sector


== The following have not been updated to 2010 data yet =======
Figure 3 is an un-traditional display of a set of histogram for Asian. Each histogram/curve show the number of states at each graduation rate for a given sector. For example, there are 12 states that have college graduation rates for Asian greater than 55% and less than 60% for the public four year sector/curve while there are 9 states have college graduation rates greater than 30% and less than 35% for the private for-profit four year sector/curve.

Figure 3 demonstrates clearly that, for Asian, the average college graduation rates for each sector are representative except for the not-for-profit two year sector, where most of the states have a rate of 0% and rates are spread out without some kind of concentration or locality.

Fig. 3 - College graduation rate for Asian by sector


Figure 4 displayed similar information as in Figure 3 except it is for the Black. Even though the US average college graduation rate for the private not-for-profit four year sector is comparable to other sectors for Black, figure 4 shows that the rate varies a lot in regard to different states.

Fig. 4 - College graduation rate for Black by sector


Figure 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the same kind of information for Hispanic, Native American and White.

Fig. 5 - College graduation rate for Hispanic by sector


Fig. 6 - College graduation rate for Native American by sector


Fig. 7 - College graduation rate for White by sector


Figure 8 modeled after previous figures to display the college graduations rates for each race in the public four your sector. This chart clearly shows that the White and Asian are comparable except that there are some states where Asian exhibits higher rates.

Fig. 8 - College graduation rates for public four year sector by race


Figure 9 to 13 show the similar information as in Figure 8 for each sector.

Fig. 9 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit four year sector by race


Fig. 10 - College graduation rates for private for-profit four year sector by race


Figure 11 is an very interested one. For one, this is the only one that all races are having good localities. Second of all, the White seems to be the one that is doing better even though the US average college going rates for public two year sector clearly show that the Asian is doing better than the White. The mystery is solved when dig deeper into the data. The data show that the high average college graduation rate for Asian in the public two year sector is caused by a single state with high Asian public two year sector enrollment, the California, which has a college graduation rate of 36% for Asian. This means that even though on average, Asian is doing good in public two year sector, it is not a Nation wide fact. It is also worth to note that the only state with meaningful high college graduation rates for the Native American is Wisconsin which enrolled 199 students. The other two states only enroll a total of 7 Native Americans. The other high rate state worth noting is the South Dakota, which post a rate of 64% for White.

Fig. 11 - College graduation rates for public two year sector by race


Figure 12 demonstrates that value of this kind of charts, where the meaning of average college graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year sector have very limited value.

Fig. 12 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year sector by race


Fig. 13 - College graduation rates for private for-profit two year sector by race

US College Graduation Rates by Race by State - 2009 IPEDS

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Related Articles:
US College graduation Rate by Race by State - 2010 IPEDS
US College Graduation Rate by State for 2009-10 graduates
College Graduation Rates by State - 2009 Ranking
Data release: College Graduation Rates by State for 2008-09 graduates

Race in United States is a much debated topic. Tying race to discrimination is a sequel of historical events. The subsistence of the racism is continually disputed. The data revealed here is too limited to settle the disagreement. But we do hope the data can pointed to the weak spot in our education system and the solution with emphasis on personal obligation can be developed. In author's opinion, some of today's approach in improving minorities' education attainment is overreaching and is themselves racial biased and undermined the important principle of personal responsibility. Services should be made available to all regardless of race. It takes responsible person to seek helps. Which race group actually uses these services is not a racial issue.

Opinion aside, objective view of the data is definitely in order.

This analysis is based on the data released earlier by the CL Higher Education Center. The analysis dis-regard the non-residence alien. The US total also exclude US minor islands and territories.

The College Graduation Rates by Race for the US states are shown in table 1 while the table 2 shows the same data with the inclusion of US minor islands and territories with differences highlighted. The difference for Asian are mainly caused by the inclusion of the Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. The changes for Hispanic are the effect of including the Puerto Rico. The rest of the analysis would focus on the US states and Washington DC.

Table 1 - US states - including DC

Sector	Native	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Public 4Yr	35%	65%	36%	43%	57%	53%
NProfit 4Yr	46%	75%	44%	57%	67%	64%
Profit 4Yr	41%	42%	31%	43%	40%	38%
Public 2Yr	17%	25%	12%	16%	23%	20%
NProfit 2Yr	23%	51%	46%	47%	55%	51%
Profit 2Yr	58%	72%	47%	63%	63%	59%

Table 2 - With US minor islands and territories**

Sector	Native	Asian	Black	Hispanic	White	Total
Public 4Yr	35%	64%	36%	43%	57%	53%
NProfit 4Yr	46%	75%	44%	43%	67%	63%
Profit 4Yr	41%	42%	31%	41%	40%	38%
Public 2Yr	17%	25%	12%	16%	23%	20%
NProfit 2Yr	23%	51%	46%	63%	55%	55%
Profit 2Yr	58%	72%	47%	61%	63%	59%

Fig. 1 shows the US average graduation rates by race by sector. In general, White and Asian stand out in the traditional institutions (Public and Private not-for-profit institutions). In other sectors, White and Asian college graduation rates are comparable to other races. Overall, the public two year sector shows the lowest college graduation rates for all races. Within each sector, the Black usually exhibit the lowest rate except at the public four year sector, where the Native American show the lowest college graduation rate. It is also interest to see that the private not-for-profit sectors have higher college graduation rates than their public counter parts.

Fig. 1 - US average graduation rates for each sector by race



Figure 2. present the same information as in Figure 1 except grouped by each race. Within all races, the private for-profit two year sector demonstrates high rates, only within White and Asian it seconds to the private not-for-profit four year sector.

Fig. 2 - US average college graduation rates for each race by sector


Figure 3 is an un-traditional display of a set of histogram for Asian. Each histogram/curve show the number of states at each graduation rate for a given sector. For example, there are 12 states that have college graduation rates for Asian greater than 55% and less than 60% for the public four year sector/curve while there are 9 states have college graduation rates greater than 30% and less than 35% for the private for-profit four year sector/curve.

Figure 3 demonstrates clearly that, for Asian, the average college graduation rates for each sector are representative except for the not-for-profit two year sector, where most of the states have a rate of 0% and rates are spread out without some kind of concentration or locality.

Fig. 3 - College graduation rate for Asian by sector


Figure 4 displayed similar information as in Figure 3 except it is for the Black. Even though the US average college graduation rate for the private not-for-profit four year sector is comparable to other sectors for Black, figure 4 shows that the rate varies a lot in regard to different states.

Fig. 4 - College graduation rate for Black by sector


Figure 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the same kind of information for Hispanic, Native American and White.

Fig. 5 - College graduation rate for Hispanic by sector


Fig. 6 - College graduation rate for Native American by sector


Fig. 7 - College graduation rate for White by sector


Figure 8 modeled after previous figures to display the college graduations rates for each race in the public four your sector. This chart clearly shows that the White and Asian are comparable except that there are some states where Asian exhibits higher rates.

Fig. 8 - College graduation rates for public four year sector by race


Figure 9 to 13 show the similar information as in Figure 8 for each sector.

Fig. 9 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit four year sector by race


Fig. 10 - College graduation rates for private for-profit four year sector by race


Figure 11 is an very interested one. For one, this is the only one that all races are having good localities. Second of all, the White seems to be the one that is doing better even though the US average college going rates for public two year sector clearly show that the Asian is doing better than the White. The mystery is solved when dig deeper into the data. The data show that the high average college graduation rate for Asian in the public two year sector is caused by a single state with high Asian public two year sector enrollment, the California, which has a college graduation rate of 36% for Asian. This means that even though on average, Asian is doing good in public two year sector, it is not a Nation wide fact. It is also worth to note that the only state with meaningful high college graduation rates for the Native American is Wisconsin which enrolled 199 students. The other two states only enroll a total of 7 Native Americans. The other high rate state worth noting is the South Dakota, which post a rate of 64% for White.

Fig. 11 - College graduation rates for public two year sector by race


Figure 12 demonstrates that value of this kind of charts, where the meaning of average college graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year sector have very limited value.

Fig. 12 - College graduation rates for private not-for-profit two year sector by race


Fig. 13 - College graduation rates for private for-profit two year sector by race



**Updated on March 1, 2012.

College Graduation Rates by State for 2008-09 graduates

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CL Higher Education Center

Related articles:
US College graduation Rates by State - 2009-10 Graduates

College Graduation Rates Ranking by State - 2008-09 Graduates
US College Graduation Rates by Race by State - 2009 IPEDS

The CL Higher Education Center just released the compiled state by state college graduation rate data for 2008-09 college graduates.

The released data is based on the 2009 Graduation Rate survey conducted by the IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) division of the National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) of the US Department of Education.

The IPEDS Graduation Rate Survey is constructed to track only the full-time, first-time college freshmen students. Part-time, transfer-in or other type of students is not considered in the survey. Even though not all students are counted, the resulting rates can be considered a general quality indicator of the institution.

For academic year based (e.g. semester, quarter ... etc.) institutions, only the full-time, first-time students who begin their college enrollment in the fall term are considered. For year round or program based schools, all full-time first-time students are account for in the IPEDS college graduation rate survey.

The graduation rates compiled in this data release is most commonly referred to as the 150% rate, which considered a student graduated only if the student graduated from a program within 150% of the length of the program. For bachelor program, only students graduated within 6 years are considered graduated. Students that take longer to graduates are not factored into the 150% graduation rate. For detailed information about the IPEDS Graduation Rate survey please check out the IPEDS graduation rate survey material.

The compiled rates includes state rates for different types/sectors of institutions breaking down by race and gender. For the purpose of comparing, the aggregated rate do not include the non-resident alien which is included in the IPEDS survey.

Related articles will be posted later.

Staff Salary By Race - University of Nebraksa

Original Article

Disparities are very likely to appear at low-skill jobs where abilities can easily be overridden by personal preferences. In the study, we see that for low-end jobs, where the salary scale begins at bellow 20 thousands a year, there are higher percentages of Whites in the high salary scale. Disparities exist in all minorities. In the Service/Maintenance category, Asian receives the worst salary offering with 85% of them receive the lowest salaries comparing to 53% for Black, 44% for Native American, 46% for Hispanics and 36% for Whites.

Literature Overview

For years, salary differences in the higher education had been a much-studied topic. Most of the studies focused on faculty and gender disparities. These studies provided useful information in recognizing possible gender discrimination inside higher education communities. However, almost all of these studies are focused on faculties and did not examine the possible disparities among staffs. In addition to that, most of the studies are interested in gender disparity rather than race disparities.

Fresh ideas in this analysis

Instead of studying disparities in faculty and gender, this analysis focused on staff and race. Implications of this study are many. For one, we hope this report will encourage a broader discussion on staff disparity since the working staff is a better representation of the working class of American than faculty. Second to that, we hope this study will illustrate that disparities do not appear only in the high paying jobs.

One of the suspicions we had in conducting this analysis was that disparities are very likely to appear at low-skill jobs where abilities can easily be overridden by personal preferences.

Limitation of data and this report

The source data used in this report is the 2005 Staff survey collected via the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System by US Department of Education. The data is available for download from their Peer Analysis Site.

This report is a preliminary analysis. Our focus is on the University of Nebraska campuses. Since there weren't many minorities working in the University of Nebraska when broken down by job categories, some of the analysis in this report may not be statistically sound. We, however, view this as a pilot study that could inspire researchers to work on this kind of data.

Among job categories, the administrator and skilled crafts contain too few minorities to be considered statistically sound.

We also like to point out that we have no intention in singling out the University of Nebraska. We believe the problem could well exist in all parts of our society.

Notes in handling of data

Since Hispanic is considered an ethnicity and can, therefore, have the appearance of any race, this report aggregates minorities in two ways in hope to identify if discrimination is an act based on the perceived appearance of minorities. One aggregation is labeled Minority_1 and does not include Hispanics. The other one, labeled Minority_2, does include Hispanics.

High lights in the analysis

In general, we see that for low-end jobs, where the salary scale begins at bellow 20 thousands a year, there are higher percentages of Whites in the high salary scale. For high paying jobs, except at the very top salary scale, there are usually higher percentages of Whites at higher salary scales. In the Service/Maintenance category, Asian receives the worst salary offering with 85% of them receive the lowest salaries comparing to 53% for Black, 44% for Native American, 46% for Hispanics and 36% for Whites.

Charts